한국 ‘폴리널리스트’의 특성과 변화- 언론인 출신 국회의원을 중심으로
자료요약
이 연구는 한국 저널리즘의 특징 중 하나를 언론인의 정계 진출로 규정하고, 언론과 정치의 독특한 접합으로서 이른바 ‘폴리널리스트’를 상정하고자 한다. 언론과 정치 간 인적 이동은 두 영역의 관계를 보여주는 가장 중요한 지표이며, 폴리널리스트는 사회적 자본의 이동과 공유를 통해 언론과 특정 정당 간 유착관계가 형성됨을 보여주는 상징적 존재이기 때문이다. 제헌국회부터 20대까지의 국회의원 가운데 언론인 출신은 모두 377명이며, 제헌국회 당시 20.5%를 시작으로 대체로 15% 전후를 유지하다가 16대 20.1%를 기점으로 감소세에 접어들어 19대와 20대에는 26명으로 8.7%에 머물렀지만, 여전히 주요 외국보다 높은 수준이다. 이들의 인구사회학적 변인과 언론사 및 정치 관련 경력 자료를 분석한 결과, 전남과 경북, 경기고와 전주고, 서울대 출신, 정치/외교학과 법학 전공자가 가장 많았다. 출신언론사는 단일단위로 봤을 때 동아일보와 조선일보가 가장 많았고, 절반 이상이 보수여당 계열로 진출했으며 지역구보다는 경선을 치르지 않는 비례대표/전국구가 많았다. 최근 언론인 출신 국회의원의 감소 현상은 언론과 정치를 둘러싼 제도적 환경의 변화, 기회 구조의 변화 등을 의미한다. 즉, 정치를 향한 언론인의 열망 자체가 줄어들었다기보다는 입법부로의 진입 장벽이 높아지면서 폴리널리스트의 유형 또는 진입경로가 다변화하는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 또한 국회의원이라는 정치 엘리트 충원 경로가 다양해지는 것과 언론인 출신의 정치적 효용 감소등 다양한 원인이 작용하고 있는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 폴리널리스트가 한국에 유독 많은 이유로는 정치지상주의와 더불어 입신양명을 성공한 인생으로 여기는 문화를 기저로, 정권의 필요에 의한 도구적 동원 및 정치 병행성이 강한 언론 시스템, 낮은 전문직화 수준, 언론 환경의 변화로 인한 직업 안정성 감소 등 다양한 차원이 복합적으로 작용하는 것으로 보인다.
Regarding the ‘polinalist’ as one of the most powerful index to configure an intricate relationship between journalism and politics, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of polinalists, especially those of the members of Korean National Assembly with journalist backgrounds. In analysing the socio-demographic variables and political/journalist careers of all former members of the Korean National Assembly, a total of 377 had been journalists before serving their terms in office. During the Constitutional Assembly, 20.5% of them had pursued journalism as a career prior to joining the National Assembly; rates have dropped to a mere 8.7% in the 19th and 20th National Assembly. Yet although the percentage of polinalists has constantly decreased since the 16th National Assembly (20.1%), the rate remains to be higher compared to other nations. In terms of hometown, highschool, alma mater, and college major, most of them were from South Jeolla and North Gyeongsang, had graduated from Kyunggi High School and Jeonju High School, received a bachelor’s degree from Seoul National University, majoring in Political science & Diplocany and Law, respectively. Additionally, 24% of the polinalists had pursued their journalistic career at Dong-A Ilbo or Chosun Ilbo. A majority of these former journalists entered conservative-ruling parties through proportional representation/national constituencies rather than local constituencies. The recent reduction in the number of polinalists in the National Assembly has recourse to a number of reasons, including but not limited to the complication of entering the legislative body, the diversification of types/channels of ‘polinalism’, and the reduction of journalists’ political use-value, which also indicates the structural change for journalists to transform to politician. Yet at the same time, despite such decreases, the reason ‘polinalists’ are more common in Korea than they are in other countries can be explained by Korea’s cultural backdrop which lauds the achievement of fame and prestige, prioritising politics above other values. Likewise, the high level of political parallelism and instrumentalisation of Korean journalism as well as its low professionalism and decrease of occupational stability also explain as to why there are particularly more polinalists in Korea.
Regarding the ‘polinalist’ as one of the most powerful index to configure an intricate relationship between journalism and politics, this study aims to investigate the characteristics of polinalists, especially those of the members of Korean National Assembly with journalist backgrounds. In analysing the socio-demographic variables and political/journalist careers of all former members of the Korean National Assembly, a total of 377 had been journalists before serving their terms in office. During the Constitutional Assembly, 20.5% of them had pursued journalism as a career prior to joining the National Assembly; rates have dropped to a mere 8.7% in the 19th and 20th National Assembly. Yet although the percentage of polinalists has constantly decreased since the 16th National Assembly (20.1%), the rate remains to be higher compared to other nations. In terms of hometown, highschool, alma mater, and college major, most of them were from South Jeolla and North Gyeongsang, had graduated from Kyunggi High School and Jeonju High School, received a bachelor’s degree from Seoul National University, majoring in Political science & Diplocany and Law, respectively. Additionally, 24% of the polinalists had pursued their journalistic career at Dong-A Ilbo or Chosun Ilbo. A majority of these former journalists entered conservative-ruling parties through proportional representation/national constituencies rather than local constituencies. The recent reduction in the number of polinalists in the National Assembly has recourse to a number of reasons, including but not limited to the complication of entering the legislative body, the diversification of types/channels of ‘polinalism’, and the reduction of journalists’ political use-value, which also indicates the structural change for journalists to transform to politician. Yet at the same time, despite such decreases, the reason ‘polinalists’ are more common in Korea than they are in other countries can be explained by Korea’s cultural backdrop which lauds the achievement of fame and prestige, prioritising politics above other values. Likewise, the high level of political parallelism and instrumentalisation of Korean journalism as well as its low professionalism and decrease of occupational stability also explain as to why there are particularly more polinalists in Korea.
목차
1. 언론인에서 정치인으로: ‘폴리널리스트’에 대한 문제 제기
2. 선행연구 검토 및 외국 사례
3. 연구방법 및 분석 범위
4. 연구결과
5. 논의 및 제언
참고문헌
Abstract
2. 선행연구 검토 및 외국 사례
3. 연구방법 및 분석 범위
4. 연구결과
5. 논의 및 제언
참고문헌
Abstract
폴리널리스트
언론인
국회의원
정치 병행성
전문직화
polinalist
journalist
member of the National Assembly
political parallelism
professionalism